SIG:IndicTexts - Revision history

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2026-08-31T19:16:34Z

Fix subscribe link

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 31 August 2026
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	document best practices in applying the TEI’s Guidelines to these		document best practices in applying the TEI’s Guidelines to these
	kinds of texts. To participate, please join the mailing list at		kinds of texts. To participate, please join the mailing list at
	~~http~~://~~lists.~~lists.tei-c.org/mailman/~~listinfo~~/indic-texts.		https://lists.tei-c.org/mailman/lists/indic-texts.lists.tei-c.org/.

	There are several respects in which the applicability of the TEI		There are several respects in which the applicability of the TEI

Andrew ollett at 02:58, 10 April 2018

2018-04-10T02:58:26Z

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	* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.		* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.

	The ~~consensus seems~~ to ~~be: wrap~~ the ~~consonant~~, to ~~which these modifications are referred,~~ in the <subst> ~~element, and use the~~ <~~@place~~="~~implicit~~"> ~~attribute on~~ <add> in ~~reference to~~ the ~~vowel~~, ~~as follows:~~		There are two possible solutions that came up on the list. Both involve the use of the <subst> element, which contains the akṣara that is subject to scribal modification, and within it, the <code language="xml"><add></code> and <code language="xml"><del></code> elements.

			The first, and most straightforward, solution is to treat the akṣara, and not the "akṣara part," as the smallest unit of variation in the manuscript, and thus to include the consonant in the <code language="xml"><add></code> and <code language="xml"><del></code> elements. The correction can thus be read as changing "ḷo" into "ḷa".

			<code language="xml">
			<subst><del type="cancelled">ḷo</del><add>ḷa</add></subst>
			</code>

			The other option involves putting only vowel markers in the <code language="xml"><add></code> and <code language="xml"><del></code>. This is more precise, but since a dependent "a" cannot actually be represented in Indic scripts, it requires that the transcription be displayed in Roman transliteration (or otherwise some ad-hoc processing will be necessary).

	<code language="xml">		<code language="xml">
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	</code>		</code>

	(Of course projects ~~might not~~ require this ~~degree of markup~~.)		Of course not all projects will require markup of this granularity.

	=== Floating consonants ===		=== Floating consonants ===

Andrew ollett at 02:46, 10 April 2018

2018-04-10T02:46:08Z

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	=== Cancelling dependent vowels ===		=== Cancelling dependent vowels ===
	In manuscripts, dependent vowel markers can be cancelled, and the consonant is then read with the inherent vowel ''a''. If you want to encode this kind of change, there are technical problems, whether one is using an Indic script or an alphabetic transliteration system (like IAST or ISO-15919):		In manuscripts, dependent vowel markers can be cancelled, and the consonant is then read with the inherent vowel ''a''.

			[[File:Ondondarol.png]]


			If you want to encode this kind of change, there are technical problems, whether one is using an Indic script or an alphabetic transliteration system (like IAST or ISO-15919):
	* In Indic scripts, rendering problems are likely if the cancelled vowel marker is enclosed within the <code language="xml"><del></del></code> tags, since it is a combining character;		* In Indic scripts, rendering problems are likely if the cancelled vowel marker is enclosed within the <code language="xml"><del></del></code> tags, since it is a combining character;
	* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.		* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.
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	</code>		</code>

	But when the orthographic sequence of consonants differs from the canonical sequence of consonants, this is not possible~~, and it~~ necessary the out-of-sequence consonant could be specifically marked as such:		But when the orthographic sequence of consonants differs from the canonical sequence of consonants, this is not possible.

			[[File:Margam.png]]

			If necessary the out-of-sequence consonant could be specifically marked as such:

	<code language="xml">		<code language="xml">
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	</code>		</code>

	In this case a processor should be able to "fix" the sequence of characters given this markup.		In this case a processor should be able to "fix" the sequence of characters given this markup. But the group advised that this level of markup was not generally required.

	=== Floating vowel markers ===		=== Floating vowel markers ===
			Floating vowel markers present an analagous case to floating consonants and should probably be encoded similarly if required.

Andrew ollett at 19:29, 4 April 2018

2018-04-04T19:29:59Z

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	<code language="xml">		<code language="xml">
	~~<~~śa<space type="binding-hole"/>ḥ		śa<space type="binding-hole"/>ḥ
	</code>		</code>

Andrew ollett at 19:29, 4 April 2018

2018-04-04T19:29:30Z

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	<subst>ḷ<del type="cancelled">o</del><add place="implicit">a</add></subst>		<subst>ḷ<del type="cancelled">o</del><add place="implicit">a</add></subst>
	</code>		</code>

			(Of course projects might not require this degree of markup.)

			=== Floating consonants ===
			When an orthographically dependent consonant is separated from another consonant, for instance by a binding hole, it can generally be transcribed without any special markup:

			<code language="xml">
			<śa<space type="binding-hole"/>ḥ
			</code>

			But when the orthographic sequence of consonants differs from the canonical sequence of consonants, this is not possible, and it necessary the out-of-sequence consonant could be specifically marked as such:

			<code language="xml">
			māgg<space type="binding-hole"/><g ref="#floating-r">r</g>
			</code>

			In this case a processor should be able to "fix" the sequence of characters given this markup.

			=== Floating vowel markers ===

Andrew ollett at 18:58, 4 April 2018

2018-04-04T18:58:34Z

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	== Manuscript Transcription ==		== Manuscript Transcription ==

	Canonically, an akṣara makes up a single "grapheme," and this is reflected in Unicode representations of Indic scripts, where consonants and independent vowels are encoded first, and then vowel-markers (and dependent consonants like ''anusvāraḥ'' and ''visargaḥ'') are encoded subsequently as combining characters. Unless marked with a combining vowel character, or a cancellation character, consonants are understood to have an inherent vowel ''a''.		Canonically, an akṣara makes up a single "grapheme," and this is reflected in Unicode representations of Indic scripts, where consonants and independent vowels are encoded first, and then vowel-markers (and dependent consonants like ''anusvāraḥ'' and ''visargaḥ'') are encoded subsequently as combining characters. Unless marked with a combining vowel character, or a cancellation character, consonants are understood to have an inherent vowel ''a''. The sequence of consonants within conjuncts is also canonically the same as their phonological sequence. Thus in the conjunct "rg", the "r" is represented before the "g" in transliteration, in Devanagari र्ग (0930 + 094D + 0917) and in Kannada ರ್ಗ (0CB0 + 0CCD + 0C97), although it is rendered on top of the "g" in Devanagari and to the right of the "g" in Kannada.

	=== Cancelling dependent vowels ===		=== Cancelling dependent vowels ===
	In manuscripts, dependent vowel markers can be cancelled, and the consonant is then read with the inherent vowel ''a''. If you want to encode this kind of change, there are technical problems, whether one is using an Indic script or an alphabetic transliteration system (like IAST or ISO-15919):		In manuscripts, dependent vowel markers can be cancelled, and the consonant is then read with the inherent vowel ''a''. If you want to encode this kind of change, there are technical problems, whether one is using an Indic script or an alphabetic transliteration system (like IAST or ISO-15919):
	* In Indic scripts, rendering problems are likely if the cancelled vowel marker is enclosed within the <code language="xml"><del&~~gtl~~;</del></code> tags, since it is a combining character;		* In Indic scripts, rendering problems are likely if the cancelled vowel marker is enclosed within the <code language="xml"><del></del></code> tags, since it is a combining character;
	* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.		* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.

			The consensus seems to be: wrap the consonant, to which these modifications are referred, in the <subst> element, and use the <@place="implicit"> attribute on <add> in reference to the vowel, as follows:

			<code language="xml">
			<subst>ḷ<del type="cancelled">o</del><add place="implicit">a</add></subst>
			</code>

Andrew ollett at 17:31, 4 April 2018

2018-04-04T17:31:49Z

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	solutions possible. Ideally, this guide will become a part of the TEI		solutions possible. Ideally, this guide will become a part of the TEI
	Guidelines.		Guidelines.


			== Manuscript Transcription ==

			Canonically, an akṣara makes up a single "grapheme," and this is reflected in Unicode representations of Indic scripts, where consonants and independent vowels are encoded first, and then vowel-markers (and dependent consonants like ''anusvāraḥ'' and ''visargaḥ'') are encoded subsequently as combining characters. Unless marked with a combining vowel character, or a cancellation character, consonants are understood to have an inherent vowel ''a''.

			=== Cancelling dependent vowels ===
			In manuscripts, dependent vowel markers can be cancelled, and the consonant is then read with the inherent vowel ''a''. If you want to encode this kind of change, there are technical problems, whether one is using an Indic script or an alphabetic transliteration system (like IAST or ISO-15919):
			* In Indic scripts, rendering problems are likely if the cancelled vowel marker is enclosed within the <code language="xml"><del&gtl;</del></code> tags, since it is a combining character;
			* In transliteration, the deletion of one vowel must be accompanied by the addition of the inherent vowel, although there is no addition marked as such in the manuscript.

Patrick McAllister: Created page with "The purpose of the TEI Special Interest Group “Indic Texts” is to allow scholars engaged in the study of Indic texts to develop and document best practices in applying the TE..."

2018-01-26T17:23:41Z

Created page with "The purpose of the TEI Special Interest Group “Indic Texts” is to allow scholars engaged in the study of Indic texts to develop and document best practices in applying the TE..."

New page

The purpose of the TEI Special Interest Group “Indic Texts” is to
allow scholars engaged in the study of Indic texts to develop and
document best practices in applying the TEI’s Guidelines to these
kinds of texts. To participate, please join the mailing list at
http://lists.lists.tei-c.org/mailman/listinfo/indic-texts.

There are several respects in which the applicability of the TEI
guidelines to these texts is less than obvious. These relate to
distinctive features of Indic textuality, including:

* the use of syllabic scripts, and the non-coincidence of grapheme- (syllable-) and word-boundaries;
* the application of phonotactic rules (sandhi) that further obscures the boundaries between words; extensive compounding;
* the use of distinctive media and writing supports (such as birch bark, palm leaves, and copper plates);
* distinctive metrical patterns with different types of caesuras;
* the prominence of the commentary as a genre, and the depth of intertextual relations this implies;
* the frequent reuse of texts in other texts, which requires careful and deliberate application of the "quoteLike" module.

The expected outcome of the SIG’s work is a practical guide that
analyzes common cases in the markup of Indic texts and proposes ways
in which the analytical tools provided by the TEI Guidelines might
best be used in these cases, discussing benefits and drawbacks of the
solutions possible. Ideally, this guide will become a part of the TEI
Guidelines.